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Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • Etymology There are several theories on the origin of Kyrgyz. It is often said to be derived from the kyrk ('forty'), with - iz being an old plural suffix, so Kyrgyz literally means 'a collection of forty tribes'.

It also means 'imperishable', 'inextinguishable', 'immortal', 'unconquerable' or 'unbeatable', as well as its association with the epic hero, who – according to a – unified the 40 tribes against the. A rival myth, recorded in 1370 in the ('history of Yuan'), concerns 40 women born on a motherland.

A Kyrgyz family The early Kyrgyz people, known as, have their origins in the western parts of modern-day and first appear in written records in the Chinese annals of the 's (compiled 109 BC to 91 BC), as Gekun ( 鬲昆, 隔昆) or Jiankun ( 堅昆). They were described in texts as having 'red hair and green eyes', while those with dark hair and eyes were said to be descendants of a Chinese general. In Chinese sources, these Kyrgyz tribes were described as fair-skinned, green- or blue-eyed and red-haired people with a mixture of European and Mongol features.

The Middle Age Chinese composition of the 8–10th century transcribed the name 'Kyrgyz' as Tsze-gu (Kirgut), and their was depicted as identical to the tamga of present-day Kyrgyz tribes Azyk, Bugu, Cherik, Sary Bagysh and few others. According to recent historical findings, Kyrgyz history dates back to 201 BC. The Yenisei Kyrgyz lived in the upper valley, central. In the Yenisei Kyrgyz were a part of the.

Later, in the, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were a part of the confederations of the. In 840 a revolt led by the Yenisei Kyrgyz brought down the Uyghur Khaganate, and brought the Yenisei Kyrgyz to a dominating position in the former. With the rise to power, the center of the moved to, and brought about a spread south of the Kyrgyz people, to reach mountains and, bringing them into contact with the existing peoples of western, especially.

Kyrgyz women offering butter and salt By the 16th century the carriers of the ethnonym Kirgiz lived in South, Xinjiang, Tian Shan,,, (among ), in. In the Tian Shan and Xinjiang area, the term Kyrgyz retained its unifying political designation, and became a general ethnonym for the Yenisei Kirgizes and aboriginal Turkic tribes that presently constitute the Kyrgyz population. Though it is obviously impossible to directly identify the and Kyrgyz, a trace of their ethnogenetical connections is apparent in archaeology, history, language and ethnography. A majority of modern researchers came to the conclusion that the ancestors of Kyrgyz tribes had their origin in the most ancient tribal unions of /, /,,. Also, there follow from the oldest notes about the Kyrgyz that the definite mention of Kyrgyz ethnonym originates from the 6th century. There is certain probability that there was relation between Kyrgyz and Gegunese already in the 2nd century BC, next, between Kyrgyz and Khakases since the 6th century A.D., but there is quite missing a unique mention.

The Kyrgyz as ethnic group are mentioned quite unambiguously in the time of rule (1162–1227), when their name replaces the former name Khakas. Kara-Kyrgyz tribesman, late 19th century The genetic makeup of the Kyrgyz is consistent with their origin as a mix of tribes. For instance, 63% of modern Kyrgyz men of. Low diversity of Kyrgyz R1a1 indicates a within the historical period.

The Kyrgyz R1a have relatives in the Altay region just 1200 years ago, consistent with the migration theory. Other groups of Kyrgyz show considerably lower frequencies and almost lack. (except for the ) West Eurasian mtDNA ranges from 27% to 42.6% in the Kyrgyz with Haplogroup being the most predominant marker at 21.3% among the Kyrgyz. Because of the processes of migration, conquest, intermarriage, and assimilation, many of the Kyrgyz peoples who now inhabit Central and Southwest Asia are of mixed origins, often stemming from fragments of many different tribes, though they speak closely related languages. According to a genetic study based on geographic location of the 26 Central Asian populations shows the admixture proportions of East Eurasian ancestry is predominant in most Kyrgyz living in Kyrgyzstan. East Eurasian ancestry makes up roughly two-thirds with exceptions of Kyrgyz living in Tajikistan and the western areas of Kyrgyzstan where it forms only half.

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